Free shaping means allowing the dog to voluntarily exhibit behaviors without a command or request, rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior, and encouraging problem-solving skills and creativity to achieve training goals.

Food luring in dog training involves using a food reward to guide a dog into performing a desired behavior by using the food as a lure, typically moving the treat in a specific direction to prompt the dog to follow and ultimately perform the desired action.

A visual cue or signal given by the trainer using hand movements or gestures to communicate to the dog what behavior is desired. Hand commands are often used in conjunction with verbal cues or alone to prompt the dog to perform specific actions or behaviors.

An auditory cue or instruction given by the trainer to the dog using spoken words or phrases to communicate what behavior is desired. These commands can be used to prompt the dog to perform specific actions, behaviors, or commands such as sit, stay, come, or heel. Voice commands are a fundamental aspect of obedience training and communication between the dog and the trainer.

Leash pressure training involves using the tension on a leash to guide and communicate with the dog, teaching them to respond to subtle cues and pressure applied through the leash. This method is often used to teach dogs proper leash manners, heel position, and to reinforce desired behaviors such as walking calmly on a leash without pulling. Through consistent and gentle pressure on the leash, the dog learns to understand and respond to the handler's cues, ultimately leading to improved leash manners and obedience.

 An empowered voice refers to using a confident, calm, and assertive tone when giving commands or cues to the dog. It conveys authority and leadership to the dog, helping to establish the trainer as the pack leader and encouraging the dog to respect and follow commands more readily. An empowered voice communicates clarity and consistency, enhancing the effectiveness of training sessions and strengthening the bond between the dog and trainer.